Issue link: https://read.uberflip.com/i/1423190
LoRa Alliance ® Whitepaper Page 1 of 49 LoRaWAN ® Gateways Radio Coexistence Issues and Solutions Copyright ©2021 LoRa Alliance, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lora-alliance.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERFERENCE ......................................................................... 4 2.1 RECEIVER DESENSITIZATION BASICS ................................................................ 4 2.2 OUT-OF-BAND BLOCKERS....................................................................................... 4 2.3 IN-BAND BLOCKERS .................................................................................................. 5 2.4 RECEIVER LINEARITY ............................................................................................... 6 2.5 OUT-OF-BAND SPURIOUS EMISSIONS ................................................................ 6 2.6 TRANSMIT INTERMODULATION ............................................................................. 7 3 COLOCATION WITH GSM/UMTS/LTE TRANSMITTERS ........................................... 8 3.1 LoRaWAN COEXISTENCE ISSUES DUE TO CELLULAR NETWORKS........... 8 3.2 LoRa ® /LTE ANTENNA ISOLATION......................................................................... 10 3.2.1 LTE BASE STATION ANTENNAS .................................................................. 11 3.2.2 6DBI LoRa ANTENNA ....................................................................................... 12 3.2.3 LoRa/LTE ANTENNA ISOLATION CALCULATION .................................... 13 3.3 OUT-OF-BAND SPURIOUS EMISSIONS GENERATED BY CELLULAR BASE STATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 LTE BASE STATION CLASSES ..................................................................... 15 3.3.2 OUTPUT POWER/EIRP ..................................................................................... 16 3.3.3. ADJACENT CHANNEL LEAKAGE RATIO .................................................. 16 3.3.4 OPERATING BAND UNWANTED EMISSIONS ............................................ 17 3.3.5 SPURIOUS EMISSIONS .................................................................................... 17 3.3.6 REQUIRED ISOLATION BETWEEN ANTENNAS ....................................... 20 3.4 BLOCKING OF LTE EMITTERS .............................................................................. 23 3.5 OUT-OF-BAND SPURIOUS EMISSIONS GENERATED BY THE LoRaWAN EMITTER ............................................................................................................................ 24 3.6 INTERMODULATION OF LTE EMITTERS ............................................................ 25 3.7 TRANSMIT INTERMODULATION ........................................................................... 26 3.7.1 EUROPEAN USE CASE .................................................................................... 28 3.7.2 NORTH AMERICA USE CASE ........................................................................ 28 3.7.3 APAC AND LATAM USE CASES ................................................................... 29 3.8 TOTAL POWER RECEIVED BY A LoRaWAN GATEWAY ................................. 29 3.9 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 31 4 COLOCATION WITH OTHER LPWAN GATEWAYS................................................... 32