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LoRaWAN® Gateways: Radio Coexistence Issues and Solutions

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LoRa Alliance ® Whitepaper Page 15 of 49 LoRaWAN ® Gateways Radio Coexistence Issues and Solutions Copyright ©2021 LoRa Alliance, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lora-alliance.org • Out-of-band emission: unwanted emissions immediately outside the nominal channel, in a range from the user channel limits to Δf OOB (depending on the channel bandwidth; for example, Δf OOB = 15MHz for a channel bandwidth of 10MHz). Out-of-band emissions are specified in terms of a spectrum emission mask and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR). Out-of-band emission is therefore used when the LoRaWAN unlicensed band is adjacent to the LTE band and up to 10MHz. • Spurious emission: everything outside of Δf OOB . Spurious emission is therefore used when the LoRaWAN unlicensed band is far from the LTE band (for example, 10MHz above and 10MHz below the band). Figure 12: LTE output spectrum. E-UTRA, Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access 3.3.1 LTE BASE STATION CLASSES LTE base station specifications define different classes of base stations: • Wide-area base stations are characterized by requirements derived from macro-cell scenarios with a BS to UE minimum coupling loss equal to 70dB. Wide-area BS are typically deployed in rural or suburban environments, with large-cell deployment. They are installed on high towers or above rooftops. • Medium-range base stations are characterized by requirements derived from micro-cell scenarios with a BS to UE minimum coupling loss equal to 53dB. Medium-range BS are typically deployed in urban or rural outdoor environments. They are often installed on rooftops or embedded in street furniture such as lighting fixtures, advertisement panels, bus shelters or street signs. They can also be deployed to extend the mobile network coverage and capacity on a localized area, such as isolated villages, industrial sites, or emergency situations. • Local-area base stations are characterized by requirements derived from pico- cell scenarios with a BS to UE minimum coupling loss equal to 45dB. Local-area BS are typically deployed in indoor environments accessible to the general public such as stations, airports, and commercial centers.

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