46 Eurostat. "Population by Educational Attainment Level, Sex, Age and Country of Birth (%)." Eurostat Data Explorer, Eurostat , 13 Oct.
2021, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=edat_lfs_9912.
47 A low level of education is represented by ISCED 0-2 codes.
48 A high level of education is represented by ISCED 5-8 codes.
49 Dumont, Jean-Christophe, et al. "How are refugees faring on the labour market in Europe?" OECD, 22 September 2016, www.ec.europa.
eu/migrant-integration/librarydoc/how-are-refugees-faring-on-the-labour-market-in-europe
50 As of 2011, 35% of Iraq's population spoke English. Euromonitor International. "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals
and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen." Euromonitor
International, Apr. 2012, https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20report%20final%20July%202012.
pdf. p. 226
51 World Population Review. "What Languages Do People Speak in Afghanistan?" World Population Review, 2021, https://
worldpopulationreview.com/languages/afghanistan.
52 Ballais , J, et al. "The Place of the French Language in the Arabic-Speaking Mediterranean." Handbook of the Changing World Language
Map, Springer, 17 July 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_8-1. pp 1-13.
53 Dumont, Jean-Christophe, et al. "How are refugees faring on the labour market in Europe?" OECD, 22 September 2016, www.ec.europa.
eu/migrant-integration/librarydoc/how-are-refugees-faring-on-the-labour-market-in-europe
54 Liebig, Thomas, and Tronstad, Kristian Rose "Triple Disadvantage?: A first overview of the integration of refugee women.", OECD, 30
August 2018, www.doi.org/10.1787/3f3a9612-en
55 Albrecht, Clara, et al. "The Integration Challenges of Female Refugees and Migrants: Where Do We Stand?" CESifo Forum, vol. 22, no.
2, 2021, pp. 38-46, www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2021/article-journal/integration-challenges-female-refugees-and-migrants-
where-do-we
56 Data were not available for Afghanistan, Eritrea and Syria.
57 Liebig, Thomas, and Tronstad, Kristian Rose "Triple Disadvantage?: A first overview of the integration of refugee women.", OECD, 30
August 2018, www.doi.org/10.1787/3f3a9612-en
58 Ibid.
59 UNHCR. "Employment." UNHCR Integration Handbook, https://www.unhcr.org/handbooks/ih/employment-training/employment.
60 Refugees make up a subset of a larger group of "displaced people without verifiable documentation" in Europe for the purpose of
qualification verification.
61 Loo, Bryce. "Recognizing refugee qualifications: practical tips for credential Assessment." World Education Services, May 2016, www.
glotalent.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Recognizing-Refugee-Credentials-Pratical-Tips-for-Credential-Assessment.pdf
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