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Figure ES.2 During the pandemic, each month of school closures led to one month of learning losses, and more so in countries with lower GDP per capita a. School closures versus learning losses b. Ratio of learning losses to school closures versus GDP per capita 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Ratio of learning loss to school closure 7 8 9 10 11 12 Log GDP per capita (2019) AUS BEL CAN CHE CZE DNK ESP UK ITA NLD POL USA ARG BRA MEX RUS ZAF BGD ETH Regression line High−income Upper−middle−income Low− and lower−middle−income High−income Upper−middle−income Low− and lower−middle−income 0 5 10 15 20 25 Learning loss (months) 0 5 10 15 20 25 School closure (months) Average school closure = 5.9 months Average learning loss = 6.2 months AUS BEL CAN CZE DNK GER IT A NLD POL ESP CHE USA UK ARG BRA MEX RUS ZAF BGD ETH MWI UGA Learning loss = months of school closure Source: Original calculations for this publication. Note: See chapter 3 for additional figure details. For country abbreviations, see International Organization for Standardization (ISO), hps://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search. 6 Collapse and Recovery: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Eroded Human Capital and What to Do about It

• Front Cover
• Contents
• Main Messages
• Executive Summary
• The pandemic destroyed human capital at critical moments in the life cycle
• Policies to reverse human capital losses
• Building agile, resilient, and adaptive human development systems for future shocks
• A human capital recovery: What will it take?
• Notes
• References
• Figures
• Figure ES.1 The pandemic led to steep losses in early childhood development and early learning in very young children in Bangladesh and Brazil
• Figure ES.2 During the pandemic, each month of school closures led to one month of learning losses, and more so in countries with lower GDP per capita
• Figure ES.3 Youth employment fell in most countries during the pandemic
• Figure ES.4 Declines in employment of young people during the pandemic were not offset by increases inschooling or training
• Figure ES.5 What are the paths to recovery?
• Table
• Table ES.1 There are evidence-proven policies that can reverse human capital losses